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CS504 (Software Engineering) Subjective Questions Answers by CH. Asad Naeem for Mid Term Examination. Bc170200260 Asadnaeem280@gmail.com
Q 1: Define Asynchronous Messages and Synchronous Messages.
Asynchronous Messages: - Asynchronous messages are “signals,” denoted by a half arrow. They do not block the caller. Asynchronous messages typically perform the following actions:
Create a new thread
Create a new object
Synchronous Messages: - Synchronous messages are “call events” and are denoted by the full arrow. They represent nested flow of control which is typically implemented as an operation call. In case of a synchronous message, the caller waits for the called routine to complete its operation before moving forward.
Q 2: Law of balancing act in software?
Software Engineering is actually the balancing act. You have to balance many things like cost, user friendliness, Efficiency, Reliability etc. You have to analyze which one is the more important feature for your software is it reliability, efficiency, user friendliness or something else. It may be the case that if you try to make it more user-friendly then the efficiency may suffer. And if you try to make it more cost-effective then reliability may suffer. Hence there is always a trade-off b/w these features of software. For example, there may be tension among the following:
I. Cost vs. Efficiency
II. Cost vs. Reliability
III. Efficiency vs. User interface
Software engineer is obligatory to examine these objects and tries to strike a balance.
Q 3: HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THAT AN OBJECTIVE BELONGS TO CERTAIN CLASS?
The elementary component of object oriented design is an object. An object can be defined as a tangible thing that shows some well-defined behavior.
Q 4: What is meant by “System’s Static View"?
Static view of semantic classes: Requirements are measured and classes are extracted (and represented) as part of the analysis model.
Static view of attributes: Every class must be clearly described. The attributes linked with the class deliver a description of the class.
Static view of relationships: Objects are “linked” to one another in a diversity of ways.
Static view of behaviors: The relationships define a set of behaviors.
Q 5: What is behavior driven perceptive of an objective?
Behavior define object actions and reaction in terms of its state variations and message fleeting. The behavior of an object is fully explained by its actions. A message is some action that one object performs upon another in order to produce a reaction. The processes that customers accomplish on object are called methods.
Q 6: What is Textual Analysis? Explain it.
Textual analysis was developed by Abbot and then extended by Graham and others. In this method different parts of speech are recognized within the text of the description and these parts are modeled using different mechanisms.
Q 7: What do you means by Software Architecture?
Architecture is the executive structure of a system. Architecture can be decomposed into parts that relate by interfaces, relationships that connect parts and controls the assembling parts. Parts that interact through interfaces include classes, components (mechanism) and subsystems.
Q 8: Describe the Cardinality of Objective?
Cardinality: The data model should accomplished to signifying the number of existences Objects in a given relationship. Tillman [TIL93] defines the cardinality of an object/relationship pair in the following way:
One-to-one (l:l) An occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to only 1 occurrence of [object] 'B,' and an occurrence of 'B' can relate to only 1 occurrence of 'A.'
One-to-many (l:N) 1 occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or many occurrences of [object] 'B,' but an occurrence of 'B' can relate to only 1 occurrence of 'A.'
For example: A child can have only 1 mother but a mother can have numerous children.
Many-to-many (M:N) An occurrence of [object] 'A' can relate to one or more occurrences of 'B,' although an occurrence of 'B' can relate to one or more occurrences of 'A.'
For example: A nephew can have many uncles same as uncle can have many nephews.
Q 9: What do you means by abstraction?
An abstraction is a technique in which we build a model of an object based upon its necessary characteristics and ignore the unnecessary details.
Q 10: Is the design of software architecture a creative procedure?
Design of software architecture is a creative procedure. This involves performing a number of activities, not essentially in any particular order or sequence.
Q 11: Suppose you are working as a software engineer involved in the development of an e-commerce website. What are the 2 most significant qualities your product should have?
2 most significant qualities are that product ought to be “reliable” and “useable”.
Q 12: What is the purpose of collaboration diagrams?
Collaboration diagrams can also be used to show the dynamic behavior of a system. They show how articles collaborate as for authoritative units (limits!). Coordinated effort graphs can likewise show simultaneous, nonconcurrent, make, and obliterate message involving a similar documentation as utilized in succession charts.
Q 13: What is the difference between Aggregation and Association?
One way to differentiate between aggregation and association is that if the two objects are tightly coupled and not exist independently, it is an aggregation, and if they are usually considered as independent, it is an association.
Q 14: What boundaries are utilized to gauge and break down plan quality?
A product configuration can be taken a gander at from various points and various boundaries can be utilized to gauge and investigate its quality. These boundaries incorporate productivity, conservativeness, reusability, and viability.
Q 15: Discuss some of the purpose of interacting diagram?
The reason for connection charts is to imagine the intelligent way of behaving of the framework. Now visualizing interaction is a difficult task. So, the arrangement is to utilize various kinds of models to catch the various parts of the collaboration. So, the reasons for communication graph can be portrays as:
To capture dynamic behavior of a system
To depict the message stream in the framework
To describe structural organization of the objects
To describe interaction among objects
Q 16: What should be consideration for maintain design?
In order to make a design maintain, it should be clear and the changes should be local in effect. That is a change in some part of the system should not affect other parts of the system.
Q 17: It is fact that good design makes maintenance easier. Which plan guideline assist this with being accomplished?
A good design from one angle may not seem to be suitable when looked from a different viewpoint. For example, a design that produces efficient and compact code may not be very easy to maintain. In order to establish whether a particular design is good or not, we have to look at the project and application requirements.
Q 18: To manage the complexity of the system we need to apply the principle of abstraction. Discuss briefly?
An abstraction is a technique in which we build a model of an object based upon its essential characteristics and ignore the unnecessary details. The principle of abstraction also helps us in complexity of a system by allowing us to look at its important external characteristic, at the same time, hiding its inner complexity. Concealing the inner subtleties is called encapsulation.
Q 19: Differentiate between architectural design and system architecture in a single line?
Architecture faces towards strategy, structure and purpose to the abstract while Design faces towards implementation and practice to the concrete.
Q 20: What is architectural designs Process, explain briefly?
System structuring: - System structuring is worried about decaying the framework into cooperating sub-frameworks.
Control modeling: - Control displaying lays out a model of the control connections between the various pieces of the framework.
Modular decomposition: - During this movement, the distinguished sub-frameworks are disintegrated into modules.
Q 21: Discuss the relationship between sequence diagram and logical complexity?
It is important to understand that the diagrams mean to make things clear. Hence, to keep them straightforward, unique considerations ought to be paid to the restrictive rationale. If the logic is simple then there is no harm adding to the diagram. In simple words, if the logic is compound, then we must draw separate diagrams alike flow charts.
Q 22: Define Motivation of GUI?
Motivation for GUI (Graphical User Interface)
System clients frequently judge a framework by its point of interaction as opposed to its usefulness. An ineffectively planned connection point can make a client make horrible blunders. Unfortunate UI configuration is the justification for why so many programming frameworks are rarely utilized.
Q 23: Keeping in mind the Connie's case study, what rule of thumbs was identified, list them down.
Rules of Thumb
Ø An actor knows about its participants
Person knows about cashier
Ø A transaction knows about its participants
A meeting is familiar with its register and clerk
Ø An exchange contains its exchange details
Sale contains its sales line items
Ø A transaction knows its sub transactions
Session knows about its sales
Sale knows about its payments
Ø A place knows about its transactions
Store knows about its sessions
Ø A place knows about its graphic objects
Store knows about its tax categories
Ø A container knows about its contents
A store is familiar with its clerks, things, and registers
Q 24: The CPU of a computer consists of an ALU and a CU. Intel and AMD are two sorts of CPUs, which are broadly utilized in PCs. Clients of PCs can be either amateurs or specialists. Clients of PCs can be either learners or specialists. Consider the following classes.
1. CPU & AMD
2. User & Computer
3. CPU & ALU
CPU and AMD (Advanced Micro Devices): -
There is connection among CPU and AMD is "A sort of" as AMD is a sort of CPU.
User and Computer: -
The connection among User and Computer is "basic Association" as there is feeble connection among client and PC.
CPU and ALU: -
Relationship between CPU and ALU is “composition” as ALU is a part of CPU.
Q 25: What is action-oriented or Function oriented Methodology for Software Design?
On account of activity situated approach, information is deteriorated by usefulness necessities. In the OO approach, deterioration of an issue rotates around information. Action-oriented model focuses only on the functionality of a system and typically ignores the data until it is required. Object- oriented model focuses both on the functionality and the data at the same time.
Q 26: Collaboration Diagrams depict
Dynamic behavior of the system, explain it.
Collaboration diagrams can be used to
show the dynamic behavior of a system. They show how items cooperate regarding
authoritative units (limits!). As a boundary shapes communication between
system and outside world e.g., user interface or other system, collaboration
diagrams can be used to show this feature of the system.
Q 27: To manage the complexity of the
system we need to apply the principles of separation of concern. Discuss
briefly
Separation of concern allows us to deal
with different separate parts of a problem by considering these parts in
separation and independent of each other. An intricate framework might be
isolated into more modest bits of intricacy called modules.
Q 28: What is elaborated Use case?
Explain it
After the induction of the utilization
case model, each utilization is explained by adding subtlety of collaboration
between the client and the product framework. An explained use case has the
accompanying parts: Use Case Name, entertainers, outline, precondition,
post-condition, broaden, utilizes, ordinary course of occasions, elective way,
exemption, supposition.
Q 29: What notation is used for Sequence
Diagrams? Draw it graphically.
Q 30: How can we decrease Coupling
explain it.
Coupling
is measuring the independence of a module or component.
We can diminish the coupling of a
framework by limiting the quantity of messages in the convention of a class.
Q 31: Narrate some of the architectural
design guidelines that can help in addressing non-functional requirements
challenges.
Programming engineering should address
the non-useful as well as the practical prerequisites of the product framework.
Following are some of the architectural designs.
Performance –Performance can be
improved by focusing to minimize sub-system communication.
Security –Security can be
improved by utilizing a layered design with basic resources put in inward
layers.
Safety –Safety-critical components
should be isolated.
Availability –Availability
can be guaranteed by building overt repetitiveness in the framework and having
excess parts in the design.
Maintainability–Maintainability
is directly related with simplicity. Hence, practicality can be expanded by
utilizing fine-grain, independent parts.
Q 32: What is the importance of
Classification in identifying Classes and objects?
Consider a large university library.
Tens of thousands of books, magazines, and other information resources are
available for use. But to access these resources, a categorization scheme must
be developed. To cross this large volume of information, librarians have
defined a classification scheme that includes a Congress classification code,
keywords, author names, and other index entries. All empower the client to find
the required asset rapidly and without any problem.
Q 33: What is the difference between Association and composition?
In Association, interacting objects have
no fundamental relationship with other object. It is the weakest link between
objects. While in Composition an item might be made out of other more modest
articles, the connection between the "part" objects and the
"entirety".
Q 34: How the objects are identified in
peter coda’s technique?
Objects are identifying in the following
way.
Select actors
Entertainers are individuals and
associations that think about part in the framework. Instances of entertainers
are: individual, association (organization, organization, company,
establishment).
Select Participants
A member is a job that every entertainer
plays in the framework viable.
Select Places
Places that contain other objects.
Examples of places are: airport, assembly-line, bank, city, clinic, country,
garage and hospital etc.
Select Transactions
Transactions are the “events”. These
transactions usually come from a window (GUI), Examples of transactions are:
agreement, assignment, authorization, contract, delivery, deposit, incident,
inquiry, order, payment, problem report, purchase and sales etc.
Select Container Objects
Containers are objects that hold other
objects. For example, Box, cabinet, folder, locker, safe, shelf, etc.
Select Tangible things
Take a "stroll" through the
framework and select "substantial" things around you utilized in the
issue space. Models are: account, book, schedule, cash box, cash cabinet,
thing, plan, technique, item, plan, ability, device, and so forth.
Q 35: Define cohesion.
Cohesion is an internal property of a
module. Attachment depicts the intra-part linkages two or three shows the
between part linkages. Union estimates the freedom of a module.
Q 36: Keeping Connie’s case study in
mind, as discussed in lecture, list down whole parts structures which were
identified.
Identify Whole-Part Structures
A store in general is comprised of clerks,
registers, and things.
A register contains a cash drawer.
A sale is established of sale line
items.
Q 37: Define data flow diagram?
An information stream outline (DFD) is a
graphical portrayal of the "stream" of information through a data
framework. Often, they are an initial step used to create an overview of the
system which can later be explained.
Q 38: Comparison of software architecture
and Building architecture?
When building a house, the architect,
the general contractor, the electrician, the plumber, the internal designer,
and the landscaper all have different views of the structure. While these views
are pictured differently, all are essentially related together, they define the
building’s architecture. The same is true with software architecture. Building
configuration fundamentally lays out the general design of a product framework.
Q 39: Code example of High Coupling?
Public
class CartEntry
{
Public
float Price;
Public int Quantity ;}
Public
class CartContents
{
PublicCartEntry
[] items ;}
Public
class Order
{
Private
CartContents cart;
Private
float salesTax;
PublicOrder
(CartContents cart, float salesTax)
{
this.cart =
cart;
this.salesTax
= salesTax ;}
Public
float OrderTotal ()
{
Float
cartTotal = 0;
For (int i
= 0; i < truck.things.Length; i++)
{CartTotal
+= cart.items[i].Price * cart.items[i].Quantity ;}
CartTotal
+= cartTotal*salesTax;
ReturncartTotal
;}}
Q 40: Adding UI detail in the SRS is dubious an innovative
strategy i.e., by adding GUI detail to the SRS report, center e shift from what
to how (analysis design) do you agree?
Yes, I am agreeing because Client
appreciates more the contents of the SRS (software requirements
specification) document if our SRS document contains the GUI details.
Q 41: Suppose there are two modules A and B, they interact with each other through massage passing. This is an example of high coupling or low coupling?
The modules that communicate with one another through message passing have low coupling while the individuals who collaborate with one another through factors that keep up with data about the state have high coupling.
Q 42: Sequences diagram focuses on which two things?
The focus of sequence diagrams is on objects (and classes) and message exchanges among them to carry out the state’s functionality.
Q 43: How Encapsulation helpful in software engineering?
Hiding the internal
details is called encapsulation. It is complementary concept. Encapsulation
stops clients to seeing its inside view. Encapsulation
conceals the subtleties of the execution of an article.
Q 44: A client send authentication request (user name password) to the server and the server send back the response to the client. Draw sequences diagram.
Q 45: Dynamic Components of OOA (Object
Oriented Analysis) model?
Dynamic
Components of OOA model are Scenario Diagrams.
Q 46: Briefly Explain UML (Unified Modeling Language):
Some portion of a
standard programming demonstrating language known as the Unified Modeling Language
(UML), It catches a conversation interaction between the framework designer and
the client. It is widely used because it is comparatively easy to understand
naturally. UML provides two different mechanisms to document. These are
sequence diagrams which provide a time-based view and Collaboration Diagrams which provide an organization-based view
of the system’s dynamics.
Q 47: Define Activities related to software development?
Provides the required functionality
Maintainable
Reliable
Efficient
User-friendly
Cost-effective
Q 48: Discussed State Transition diagram?
State transition
diagrams (STDs) are another technique to known about document domain. We can
easily set the rules of document with the help of state transition diagrams.
Q 49: What is Traceable Requirement?
Traceable
-One must be able to link each requirement to its origin and to
the design elements, source code, and test cases that implement and verify the correct
implementation of the requirement.
Q 50: Define Collaboration of an actor.
In
collaboration for an actor, contain an object connect to its participants
(association).
Q 51: Explain Data Flow Model Briefly.
Catches the progression of information in a framework
It helps in fostering a comprehension of framework's usefulness.
What are the different sources of data, what different changes
take place on data and what are final outputs generated by these changes?
It defines data beginning, transformations and consumption in a
system.
Q 52: Define comparison b/w sequence and collaboration diagrams?
Sequence Diagrams:
These diagrams show
how objects interact with each other and emphasize time ordering of messages.
These can be used to model simple sequential flow, separating, iteration and
recursion. Sequence diagrams can show many different types of messages. These
are: coordinated or basic, offbeat, make, and annihilate.
Collaboration diagrams:
They show how articles interface concerning authoritative units.
Joint effort charts have fundamentally two sorts of parts: items and messages.
Collaboration diagrams can also show synchronous, asynchronous, create, and
destroy message using the same system as used in sequence diagrams.
Q 53: Narrate the inter-object relationship specified by the object model in short? Or
The
properties have relationship among them to carry out the usefulness of the
framework. Recognize which sorts of relationship exist among objects?
Legacy, affiliation
and conglomeration are the three between object connections determined by the
item model. By legacy, we indicate speculation/specialization relationship
among objects. In an affiliation relationship, when object A
"utilizes" object B, then, at that point, A may send messages to B. The
relationship defines visibility among objects. The collection relationship
characterizes part-of construction among objects. When object A is part of the
object B, A is said to be contained by B.
Q 54: Suppose you want to develop the object Model of a Hospital system. Distinguish and record any five classes that will be utilized in object Model of Hospital System.
1. Doctor
2. Patient
3. Rooms
4. Department
5. Bill
Q 55: While identifying structure
in object model derivation, there are three steps involved. Mention those
steps.
1.
Define Attributes - What I Know?
2.
Show Collaborations (affiliations
and collections) - Who I know?
3.
Define Services - What I do?
Q 56: Ali is considering as an object. What are the characters its which conclude Ali is an article?
Ali has random
characteristics like Ali is person. Ali has skills. Ali is employee. Ali has
house.
Q 57: Which of the following is/are true and false about software design?
a.
Common coupling occurs when some global data repository is
shared by two or more modules. True
b.
Polymorphism is a design principle that helps the code to be
flexible and reused. False
c.
Software reuse injects more reliability to code. True
d.
Stepwise refinement refers to increasing the level of detail of
the design. True
Q 58: Define Container Objects. Give an example and name any two attributes.
Containers are objects that hold other objects.
For example, box,
cabinet, folder, locker.
Q 59: “Users should be able to access their mails using their correct username and password “Above mentioned requirement is functional or non-functional?
Non-functional
Define Relationship between them.
Customer and Rental Invoice
Rental Items and rental Invoice
rental Items and DVD movies
Rental Invoice and Checkout Screen
Answer:
1. Aggregation
2. Composition
3. Inheritance
Q 61: Apply peter code methodology on virtual university of
Pakistan and identify actors, participants, places, transactions and tangible
things.
Q 62:
In peter coad methodology for Virtual University of Pakistan, (Write actors,
participants, places, transactions and tangible things
Actors:
person
Attributes: name, address, phone
Participants:
teacher
Attributes: number, ID, education level, name, age
Services: record result, make paper, teaching
Places:
room
Attributes: name, width
Tangible things:
PC
Attributes: number, prices, and model
Q 63: In UML a ‘class’ notation has 3 parts. Write 3 names.
1. Association
2. Aggregation
3. Composition
Q
64: In textual analysis we analyze the text to identify the class, object &
relationships, among objects and classes. What are the meanings of these terms
in textual analysis?
1.
Proper noun
2.
Improper noun
3.
Being verb
4.
Having verb
Answer:
Q 65: Provide any two
examples attribute that may be expected in ‘student’ object.
s_Name
s_Id
s_PhNo
Q
66: What should be the consideration for
maintainable design?
A maintainable design
is the one in which cost of system is minimal and is flexible enough so that it
can be easily adapted to existing functionality and add new functionality. To
make a plan that is viable, it ought to be justifiable.
Q 67: Name at least three daily used systems in which software is used?
A portion of the
significant regions where programming plays had a significant impact are
recognized to shreds.
Business decision-making: Software systems have played
a major role in businesses where you have to analyze your data and make
business decisions.
Present day logical examination and
designing critical thinking: Logical examinations and
designing critical thinking require a serious measure of computations and
information investigation. The precision of these examinations is additionally
vital in logical applications.
Games: We see many computer games these days. This multitude of games
are pass through programming frameworks.
Embedded systems: We
see numerous sorts of devices being utilized in our everyday utilized things,
similar to little microcontrollers utilized in our vehicles, TVs, microwaves
and so forth. This large number of frameworks are controlled through the software.
Correspondingly in
numerous different fields like schooling, office mechanization, Internet
applications and so on, programming is being utilized.
Q 68: Identify how well-engineered software is better than bad-engineered software?
Particularly planned writing computer programs is one that has
the going with characteristics.
It is reliable
It has good
user-interface
It has acceptable
performance
It is of good quality
It is cost-effective
Q 69: Difference b/w use case diagram and activity diagram.
Use case diagram for a library management system. In this chart,
there are four entertainers to be specific Book Borrower, Librarian, Browser,
and Journal Borrower.
Activity diagrams give a graphic explanation of the use case. It
is like a stream diagram and shows a stream from one movement to another. It
communicates the unique part of the framework.
Q 70: Discuss the purpose of CRUD operations.
CRUD
Operations
These are four
operations as describes below
Create:
creates data and stores it.
Read:
saves the stored data for viewing.
Update:
makes changes in a stored data.
Delete:
deletes an already stored data permanently.
Q 71: How software engineering derived from software crisis.
Computer programming
is the aftereffect of programming emergency when individuals understood that it
is unimaginable to expect to develop complex programming utilizing the methods
relevant in 1960s.
Q 72: Describe difference between DFD and Flow Chart.
Stream outlines are
typically used to portray control of stream in a framework. It describes
control flow in an algorithm. Though DFD doesn't catch control stream data, it
simply shows the progression of the information in a framework. DFD doesn't
contain control or consecutive exercises just information change is caught.
Q 73: OOD transforms the analysis model into design model that serves as a blueprint for software construction.” What are the four layers of the OO design pyramid?
The four layers of
the OO configuration pyramid are:
1)
The subsystem layers. Contains a portrayal of every one of the
subsystems that empower the product to accomplish its client's characterized
prerequisites.
2)
The class and object layer. Contains the class pyramids
that enable the system to be created using generalization. The layer likewise
contains plan portrayals for each item.
3)
The message layers. Contains the details that enable each object to communicate with
its agents, this layer establishes the external and internal interfaces for the
system.
4)
The responsibility layers. Contains the information structures and
algorithmic plan for all ascribes and tasks for each item.
Q 74: Let us assume that you are developing ATM cash withdrawal system. Record something like 4 useful necessities for the above framework.
Complete - Each condition must completely define
the functionality to be carried.
Correct - Each obligation must precisely define
the functionality to be constructed.
Feasible
- It must be possible to implement each requirement within the
capabilities.
Necessary
-Each requirement should document.
Verifiable
– User should be able to create a small number of tests or use
other verification approaches, such as inspection or demonstration, to
determine whether the requirement was properly implemented.
Q 75: How is it possible to design an OO System that is loosely coupled and strongly cohesive?
Coupling and cohesion
are complementary concepts but are indirectly related to each other.
Cohesion is an inside
property of a module while coupling is its relationship with different modules.
A genuine
illustration of a framework with an extremely high union and exceptionally less
(nearly nothing) coupling is the electric subsystem of a house that is
comprised of electrical appliances and wires. That means an appliance does not
depend upon any other appliance for its function. Subsequently, every machine
is an exceptionally durable unit. Since there are no linkages between various
apparatuses, they are not coupled.
Also Read CS403 Database Management Systems Solved MID TERM Subjective
Q 76: As Per Code methodology, bin,
cabinet folder locker, safe, shelf etc. under which category?
As Per Code methodology, bin, cabinet folder locker, safe, shelf etc.
are container objects.
Q 77: For an item which attributes can be written?
The criteria for the
inclusion of an attribute are that it should be included if the system needs to
know its value and it cannot get it any other way. Examples of attributes are:
number, name, address, date, time, operational state, phone, status, type, etc.
Q 78: Suppose you are designing object Model for ABC Company. Which techniques will use to identify the object and the classes?
The essential unit of object-oriented design is an object. An
object can be defined as a tangible entity that shows some well-defined behavior.
An object has state, behavior, and identity. A class indicates a point
of interaction (the external view - the public part) and characterizes an
execution (within view - the confidential part).
Q 79: Architectural design process consists of three activities. List them.
System structuring:
Framework organizing
is worried about decaying the framework into collaborating sub-frameworks. The
framework is decayed into a few sub-frameworks and correspondences between
these sub-frameworks are distinguished.
Control modeling:
Control modeling lays
out a model of the control connections between the various pieces of the
framework.
Modular decomposition:
During this action,
the distinguished sub-frameworks are deteriorated into modules.
Q 80: A software engineer is working an online banking system. There are two situations for which he needs to make association charts; grouping and cooperation. Might you at any point tell which diagram(s) is/are appropriate for following situations and why?
Sequence diagrams are
best to see the flow of time. Then again, static item associations are best
addressed by cooperation outlines. Arrangement of messages is harder to
comprehend in joint effort graphs than on account of succession outlines. Then
again, object association with control stream is best seen through joint effort
outlines.
Q 81: Name the two types of structure.
There are two types
of structures. Generalization-Specialization
(Gen-Spec) and whole-part,
Q 82: Write any 3 Component of Software Engineering Framework.
Quality Focus, Processes, Methods, Tools.
Q 83: What is Relationship in Alia has a fruit basket?
In an affiliation relationship, when object A
"utilizes" object B,
Q 84: Control flow is a best or nor give a reason?
Control
flow is a best because object organization with control flow is best seen through collaboration
diagrams.
Q 85: As a requirement engineer, how will you manage the complexity of a large system? Write down at least three ways.
To deal with the
intricacy of the framework we really want to apply the standards of partition
of concern, seclusion, and reflection.
Q 86: As per Barry Boehm: "In the event that a task has not accomplished framework design, including its reasoning, the undertaking shouldn't continue to full-scale framework improvement". Explain Why?
Fundamentally, there
are three reasons:
Mutual
communication: Every partner of a product framework (client, client, project
supervisor, coder, analyzer, etc.) is worried about various qualities of the
framework that are impacted by its engineering. Architecture provides a common
language in which different concerns can be expressed, without such language;
it is difficult to understand large systems sufficiently.
Early
design decisions: Software architecture represents the example of the earliest
set of design decisions about a system.
Reusable
abstraction of a system: Programming design communicates a
generally little, legitimately justifiable model for how the framework is
organized and the way that its parts cooperate.
Q 87: If most of the methods
defined in a class use most of the data members most of the time, is an example
of high cohesion or high coupling?
High cohesion implies that the class is
centered around the thing it ought to do, i.e., just techniques connecting with
the reason for the class.
Q 88: A software engineer is working on online banking system. There are two situations for which he needs to make communication graphs; arrangement and joint effort. Might you at any point tell which diagram(s) is/are reasonable for following situations and why?
1. Money transaction
2. Manager login
Sequence
diagram is suitable for following scenarios. Sequence diagram Make
Transactions.
Sequence diagrams are
ideal to see the progression of time.
Q 89: UML classes given its bellow tell (static /dynamic)
(a)Class
diagram (b) sequence (c) use case
Class diagram: Dynamic
Sequence: Dynamic
Use case: Dynamic
Q 90: UML a class notation has 3 parts write down these parts?
The top part demonstrations
the term of the class,
The center part
records the traits (information fields) of a class,
The base part shows
the techniques for an occurrence of the class.
Q 91: Suppose A, B are two modules interact with each other through variables that maintain information about state it is an example of low coupling or high coupling?
The modules that interact with each other through variables that
maintain information about the state have high coupling.
Q 92: A student claims that store is a container object. Give reason?
Containers are objects that hold other
objects. For example, Box, cabinet, folder, locker, safe, shelf, etc.
Q 93: If you prepare a design of software then you face problem about cost. In limited cost how you prepare an efficient software design. Or
What will you do if there is conflict in Cost and Efficiency software?
Prior to fostering any product, legitimate plausibility report is created while remembering spending plan and Time limit. In this scenario, if desired application cannot be prepared in available budget, then clearly, one thing has to be compromised i.e., either budget or 100 percent required project. In this way, with low financial plan, a few highlights might be skipped. In the event that you attempt to make it more savvy, unwavering quality might endure.
Q 94: What is Object-Oriented approach for the software design?
The object-oriented
approach has increased popularity over the structured design approach during
the last period or so because, in general, it is more maintainable. In the OO
approach, disintegration of an issue rotates around information. Clarity and
understandability of the system, as object-oriented approach is closer to the
working of human thought.
Q 95: Consider software is being developed for control of a cruise missile. What plan quality boundaries, you believe are basic for the progress of this framework? Write down at least three parameters.
These parameters comprise efficiency, reusability, compactness, and maintainability.
Q 96: Identify the correct statement.
a)
‘authorization’
is an example of participants
b)
‘authorization’
is an example of transaction Correct
c)
‘authorization’
is an example of tangible thing
d)
‘authorization’
is an example of places
Q 97: Attributes have functionality among them. Identify which type of functionality is present among the objects.
Object oriented model
focuses both on the functionality and the data at the same time. Devolution
enables OO to deal with fundamental intricacy.
Q 98: Why following considered as objects.
a)
Radio
b)
Cat
An object can be
defined as a tangible thing that shows some well-defined behavior. An item
addresses an individual, classifiable thing, unit, or substance, either genuine
or dynamic, with a clear-cut job in the issue space. An object has state,
behavior, and identity.
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